Charcoal Kiln, Zambia
Robert Yokelson University of Montana, 2000
2000 Field Measurements in Southern Africa (SAFARI 2000) - S2K Photo Gallery
Description - Biomass burning injects an amount of trace gases into the troposphere that is almost as large as the contribution from fossil fuel burning. The two major types of biomass burning are savanna fires and domestic biofuel use. NSF funded our group to make the first comprehensive measurements of the emissions from both of these types of burning during the Southern Africa Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000). We used ground based OP-FTIR to measure the trace gas emissions from the production and use of biofuels in remote villages in rural Zambia. We used AFTIR onboard the University of Washington CV-580 research aircraft to measure the initial emissions from 9 savanna fires.
We found that the emission factor for HCN was much larger than previously thought. HCN was shown to have high potential as a tracer for savanna fires ( Figure 1 ). 60-70% of the non-methane organic compounds emitted by both types of fires were oxygenated organic compounds, which has significant implications for the atmospheric HOx budget. Even during the peak of the savanna fire season, most of the emissions of some compounds come from cooking fires ( Figure 2 ). The production and use of charcoal (the fastest growing energy source in the third world) emits more pollutants per unit energy than simply burning wood ( Figure 3 ).
We obtained the first precise measurements of the rate of photochemistry in nascent biomass burning plumes. ΔO3/ΔCO and ΔCH3COOH/ΔCO increased to as much as 9% (> ΔCH4/ΔCO) in <1h of photochemical processing downwind of fires ( Figure 4 ). OH was shown to be very elevated in the nascent plumes; this will strongly impact the distribution of many of the emissions. We made the first measurements of chemical changes in smoke subjected to cloud processing, which greatly reduced CH3OH, NH3, CH3COOH, SO2, and NO2 levels, but significantly increased HCHO and NO ( Figure 5 ). These results are described fully in the papers listed below.
Our measurement of the NOx emission factor for ocean-going ships supported the higher of two previous values and the proposal (by Lawrence and Crutzen) that ships are a major source of NOx (and thus O3) in the maritime atmosphere.
The SAFARI 2000 (S2K) Project was an international science initiative to study the linkages between land and atmosphere processes in the southern African region. In addition, SAFARI 2000 examined the relationship of biogenic, pyrogenic, and anthropogenic emissions and the consequences of their deposition to the functioning of the biogeophysical and biogeochemical systems of southern Africa.