I was interested to see that there are cooking places built into the old walls in the fortified city of Acca (Acre/Akko). There are two in this photo. There was no chimney provided, just a place to contain the fire.
Looking through the old city I found a couple of houses with a chimney of sorts here and there, but not everywhere. The cooking seems to have been predominantly done with individual fires under single pots, lined up side by side, as many as 6 or more in a row. The row of ‘fireplaces’ was typically built onto the top of a long countertop.
The efficiency was better than an open fire but the emissions in the rooms must have been dreadful.
Regards
Crispin
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